Artin-Tate lemma

Statement
Suppose $$A, B, C$$ are commutative unital rings, such that:


 * $$A$$ is Noetherian
 * $$B$$ and $$C$$ are $$A$$-algebras, with $$B$$ a subalgebra of $$C$$
 * $$C$$ is finitely generated as an $$A$$-algebra (i.e. $$C$$ is an algebra of finite type over $$A$$)
 * $$C$$ is finitely generated as a $$B$$-module (i.e. $$C$$ is finite as an algebra over $$B$$)

Then: $$B$$ is finitely generated as an $$A$$-algebra

Explanation
The Artin-Tate lemma is related to the general philosophy that if an object is finitely generated, then any subobject of it is also finitely generated provided the subobject is almost the whole object. In our case, $$C$$ is finitely generated as an $$A$$-algebra, but it is not necessary that all subalgebras of $$C$$ are finitely generated as $$A$$-algebras. However, if the subalgebra is large enough inside $$C$$, i.e. it is not too deep, then it behaves like $$C$$, and we can try to show it is finitely generated.

An analogous result in group theory is the statement that any subgroup of finite index in a finitely generated group, is also finitely generated.

Facts used

 * Any submodule of a finitely generated module over a Noetherian ring, is finitely generated
 * Any finitely generated algebra over a finitely generated algebra is finitely generated
 * Finitely generated and integral implies finite: A finitely generated algebra over a ring, such that every element in it is integral over the ring, is finite as an algebra i.e. is finitely generated as a module over the base ring.
 * Any finitely generated algebra over a Noetherian ring is Noetherian. This follows from two facts: any polynomial ring over a Noetherian ring is Noetherian, and Any quotient ring of a Noetherian ring is Noetherian.

Find a finitely generated subalgebra of $$B$$
Pick a finite generating set $$c_1, c_2, \ldots, c_r$$ of $$C$$ as an algebra over $$A$$.

Since $$C$$ is finitely generated as a $$B$$-module, every element in $$C$$ is integral over $$B$$. In particular, every $$c_i$$ is integral over $$B$$. Choose a monic polynomial satisfied by $$c_i$$ over $$B$$ for each $$i$$, and consider the $$A$$-algebra $$B_0$$ generated by the coefficients of all such monic polynomials.

Clearly $$B_0$$ satisfies the following:


 * $$B_0$$ is an $$A$$-subalgebra of $$B$$
 * $$B_0$$ is finitely generated as an $$A$$-algebra
 * $$C$$ is finitely generated as a $$B_0$$-algebra (since in fact $$C$$ is finitely generated as an $$A$$-algebra)
 * $$C$$ is integral over $$B_0$$

Going down
Since $$C$$ is both finitely generated as a $$B_0$$-algebra and integral over $$B_0$$, we see that $$C$$ is finitely generated as a $$B_0$$-module.

We now use the fact that $$A$$ is Noetherian, and $$B_0$$ is finitely generated as an $$A$$-algebra, to conclude that $$B_0$$ is Noetherian. Thus $$C$$ is a finitely generated module over a Noetherian ring $$B_0$$. Hence, the submodule $$B$$ is also finitely generated as a $$B_0$$-module. In particular, $$B$$ is finitely generated as a $$B_0$$-algebra.

Transitivity
We know that $$B_0$$ is finitely generated as an $$A$$-algebra, and we just proved that $$B$$ is finitely generated as a $$B_0$$-algebra. Thus, $$B$$ is finitely generated as an $$A$$-algebra.